Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of Turbinaria ornata in human RBC model

522-527Turbinaria ornata methanolic extract (TOME) with more bioactive compounds has been investigated for its in vitro total antioxidant activity, DPPH scavenging assay, reducing power assay, and antioxidant potential. Anti-hemolysis and anti-inflammatory activities were studied in human RBC model. Our preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that TOME constitutes carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, coumarines, steroids, and terpenoids. TOME at the concentration of 100 µg showed 89.11% of total antioxidant activity. The free radicals NO, H2O2 and SOD scavenging activities were enhanced with an increase in the concentration of TOME. Further, TOME at selected 0.5, 0.75 and 1(mg/ml) concentrations showed significant reduction in H2O2-induced hemolysis. The higher dose of 500 µg/ml (among selected concentrations) showed about 81 % of anti-inflammatory activity through enhanced stabilization of RBC membrane which was significant as the positive control diclofenac sodium. Thus our study clearly elucidated that Turbinaria ornata with potent bioactivities inhibited free radicals assault and prevented inflammation in RBC model

A preliminary pharmacognostical study on leaves and flowers of Michelia champaca L. Magnoliaceae

The present investigation was conducted to establish pharmacognostical profile for the leaves and flowers of Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae) in order to establish its complete profile to aid in its identification and avoid confusion in taxonomic level for different species of the same genus. The study included macroscopical, organoleptical, microscopical and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaves and flowers. The study of the organoleptical evaluation revealed the presence of colour, odour and texture. The microscopic analysis showed thedifferences in cell structures, arrangement and shape of leaves and flowers. The physical characters of various solvent extracts showed the presence of colour, odour and consistency of the powdered leaves and flowers. Finally, the preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed for the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, amino acid, flavonoids and sterols in both leaves and flowers. The present findings may be used to establish the authenticity of leaves and flowers of Michelia champaca L. for their proper identification and standardization in order to collect raw plants for the preparation of herbal drugs

Isolation, screening of Aspergillus flavus and its production parameters for á- amylase under solid state fermentation

The amylase producing fungi were isolated from spoiled fruits, vegetables and soil, in and around Bangalore, Karnataka, India. The isolates were identified and five fungal species were screened. The best amylase producer among them, Aspergillus sp was selected for enzyme production by both sub merged fermentation using mineral salt medium (MSM) and solid state fermentations using wheat bran as a solid substrate. The various parameters influencing solid state fermentation were optimized. The most important factors are such as pH, incubation temperature, incubation period, carbon sources, nitrogen sources and moisture content. The maximum amount of enzyme production was obtained when solid state fermentation was carried out with soluble starch as carbon source and beef extract (1% each) as nitrogen source, optimum conditions of pH 7.0, an incubation temperature of 25 (±2) °C, incubation time 96 h and 62% moisture content

Fine mapping of rice drought QTL and study on combined effect of QTL for their physiological parameters under moisture stress condition

The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of different yield QTL (DTY2.2, DTY3.1 and DTY8.1) under drought and their physiological response to drought stress. Backcross Inbred Lines (BILs) of IR64 (CB-193 and CB-229) along with IR64, APO and the traditional rice variety Norungan were raised in green house condition under water stress and control to evaluate the effect of the QTL on grain yield. The BIL CB-193 recorded higher photosynthetic rate (22.051), transpiration rate (7.152) and Ci/Ca ratio (0.597) whereas the BIL CB-229 recorded high relative water content (80.76%). It was found that the combination of three QTL (CB-229) performed better than the susceptible parent and the line with two QTL (CB-193 Fine-mapping of two QTLs viz., qDTY2.2 and qDTY8.1, for grain yield (GY) were conducted using backcross derived lines. Composite interval mapping analyses resolved the originally identified qDTY2.2 region of 6.7 cM into a segment of 2.1 cM and two sub QTLs at region between RM23132 and RM1578 (75.75 cM- 77.66 cM), RM515 and RM1578 (75.11 cM-77.66 cM) were identified in qDTY8.1 region. However this study provides a unique opportunity to breeders to introgress such regions together as a unit into high-yielding drought-susceptible varieties through MAS

Bioactive potential analysis of brown seaweed Sargassum wightii using UV-VIS and FT-IR

The current study was investigated to explore the biogenic molecules of Sargassum wightii collected from the south east of Tamil Nadu, India. The biogenic molecules extracted from Sargassum wightii by using methanol as a solvent and the analysis was carried out by using UV-Visible spectroscopy and FT-IR. The UV-Visible spectrum of the methanolic extract of Sargassum wightii exposed the existence of the biogenic molecules separated from 200 - 1100 nm among the absorption. The incidence of peaks from 234-676 nm discovered the presence of flavonoids and its derivatives. The unprocessed methanolic extract of Sargassum wightii was travelled in to FT-IR and it indicated the being of phenols and flavonoids their functional groups such as alcohol, alkane, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, alkynes and aromatics. From the results, the future aim of this study is necessary to develop the target site to treat dreadful diseases. Keywords: Sargassum Wightii, FT-IR, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Phytochemical analysis

Structural basis of the carbohydrate specificities of Jacalin: an X-ray and modeling study

The structures of the complexes of tetrameric jacalin with Gal, Me-α-GalNAc, Me-α-T-antigen, GalNAcβ1-3Gal-α-O-Me and Galα1-6Glc (mellibiose) show that the sugar-binding site of jacalin has three components: the primary site, secondary site A, and secondary site B. In these structures and in the two structures reported earlier, Gal or GalNAc occupy the primary site with the anomeric carbon pointing towards secondary site A. The α-substituents, when present, interact, primarily hydrophobically, with secondary site A which has variable geometry. O-H···π and C-H···π hydrogen bonds involving this site also exist. On the other hand, β-substitution leads to severe steric clashes. Therefore, in complexes involving β-linked disaccharides, the reducing sugar binds at the primary site with the non-reducing end located at secondary site B. The interactions at secondary site B are primarily through water bridges. Thus, the nature of the linkage determines the mode of the association of the sugar with jacalin. The interactions observed in the crystal structures and modeling based on them provide a satisfactory qualitative explanation of the available thermodynamic data on jacalin-carbohydrate interactions. They also lead to fresh insights into the nature of the binding of glycoproteins by jacalin

Structural plasticity of peanut lectin: an X-ray analysis involving variation in pH, ligand binding and crystal structure

Until recently, it has only been possible to grow crystals of peanut lectin when complexed with sugar ligands. It is now shown that it is possible to grow peanut lectin crystals at acidic pH in the presence of oligopeptides corresponding to a loop in the lectin molecule. Crystals have also been prepared in the presence of these peptides as well as lactose. Low-pH crystal forms of the lectin-lactose complex similar to those obtained at neutral pH have also been grown. Thus, crystals of peanut lectin grown under different environmental conditions, at two pH values with and without sugar bound to the lectin, are now available. They have been used to explore the plasticity and hydration of the molecule. A detailed comparison between different structures shows that the lectin molecule is sturdy and that the effect of changes in pH, ligand binding and environment on it is small. The region involving the curved front β-sheet and the loops around the second hydrophobic core is comparatively rigid. The back β-sheet involved in quaternary association, which exhibits considerable variability, is substantially flexible, as is the sugar-binding region. The numbers of invariant water molecules in the hydration shell are small and they are mainly involved in metal coordination or in stabilizing unusual structural features. Small consistent movements occur in the combining site upon sugar binding, although the site is essentially preformed

A SURVEY ON MACHINE SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES

ABSTRACT In this paper the study about the different methodologies and techniques implemented for different types of scheduling problems in single machine, job shop and flow shop scheduling. Every author tells about the different scenario and approach to minimize the Make span, Tardiness and different parameters in scheduling. Every author implements their own algorithms and the strategies to find out the result, it may be positive or negative. This paper gives the clear idea for the future research work

Crystal structure of the jacalin-T-antigen complex and a comparative study of lectin-T-antigen complexes

Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (Galβ1-3GalNAc), generally known as T-antigen, is expressed in more than 85% of human carcinomas. Therefore, proteins which specifically bind T-antigen have potential diagnostic value. Jacalin, a lectin from jack fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia) seeds, is a tetramer of molecular mass 66 kDa. It is one of the very few proteins which are known to bind T-antigen. The crystal structure of the jacalin-T-antigen complex has been determined at 1.62 Å resolution. The interactions of the disaccharide at the binding site are predominantly through the GalNAc moiety, with Gal interacting only through water molecules. They include a hydrogen bond between the anomeric oxygen of GalNAc and the π electrons of an aromatic side-chain. Several intermolecular interactions involving the bound carbohydrate contribute to the stability of the crystal structure. The present structure, along with that of the Me-α-Gal complex, provides a reasonable qualitative explanation for the known affinities of jacalin to different carbohydrate ligands and a plausible model of the binding of the lectin to T-antigen O-linked to seryl or threonyl residues. Including the present one, the structures of five lectin-T-antigen complexes are available. GalNAc occupies the primary binding site in three of them, while Gal occupies the site in two. The choice appears to be related to the ability of the lectin to bind sialylated sugars. In either case, most of the lectin-disaccharide interactions are at the primary binding site. The conformation of T-antigen in the five complexes is nearly the same

Functional characterisation of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit from the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Open Access funded by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Under a Creative Commons license This work was supported by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK) Industrial CASE studentship award (BBSSM200411428) to K.L. with co-funding from Pfizer Animal Health, UK. We thank Dr. Andy Ball for help with rearing of ticks.Peer reviewedPublisher PD